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.2.9.

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.2.9.2

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.2.9.3

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Dalton
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.2.9.4


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.2.9.5

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1836

1836

9,110-28g !!!
.2.9.6


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-

!




!!
.2.9.7

.2.9.8

.2.9.9

()

2p 2n

2e

.2.9.10

()


:

2p
.
2
: =2
.2.9.11

()


:

2p + 2n
.
4.
: =4
.2.9.12

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7
.2.9.13

=
= + .
, (-)
( e p).

= - .
, (+)
( p e ).

.2.9.14

1 (+) + 2 (-) = 1 (-)




1(+) 2(-);
!

.2.9.15

3 (+) + 2 (-) = 1 (+)

.2.9.16



. .

(Na)
(Cl)
.


20p, 20n, 18e
: 20(+) + 18(-) = 2(+)

,

,

!
.2.9.17


.2.9.18





(+),


(-)

.2.9.19

, ,


, ,
, ,


(=), ,

.2.9.20

.2.9.21

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.2.9.22

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=9, =19.
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9

10
9


1
.2.9.23

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